Obj. ID: 38982
Jewish printed books Shulchan Aruch, Even ha-Ezer, Venice, 1567
This text was prepared by William Gross:
This volume is the third of four sections to the Shulchan Aruch. This section, Even ha-Ezer, contains 178 chapters on laws affecting women, particularly marriage, divorce, halizah, and ketubbah.
The Shulchan Aruch (Hebrew: שֻׁלחָן עָרוּך, literally: "Set Table") by R. Yosef Karo is the most widely-consulted and authoritative code of Jewish law. The work was authored in Safed, Israel in 1563 and published in Venice two years later. Together with its commentaries, it is the most widely accepted compilation of Jewish law ever written.
While the halakhic rulings of the Shulchan Aruch generally follow Sephardic law and customs, the gloss of Moses Isserles (the Rema) provides the Ashkenazic customs where they differ from those of the Sepharadim.. These glosses are widely referred to as the mappah (literally: "The Tablecloth") to the Shulchan Aruch's "Set Table". Almost all published editions of the Shulchan Aruch include this gloss, and the term "Shulchan Aruch" has come to denote both Karo's work as well as Isserles', with Karo usually referred to as "the mechaber" ("author") and Isserles as "the Rema".
The Shulchan Aruch (and its forerunner, the Beit Yosef) follow the same structure as Arba'ah Turim by Rabbi Jacob ben Asher. These books were written from the standpoint of Sephardi Minhag, other works entitled Shulchan Aruch or Kitzur Shulcan Aruch cited below are written from the standpoint of Ashkenazi Minhag. There are four sections, each subdivided into many chapters and paragraphs.
1. Orach Chayim - laws of prayer and synagogue, Sabbath, holidays2. Yoreh De'ah - laws of kashrut; religious conversion; Mourning; Laws pertaining to Israel; Laws of family purity 3. Even Ha'ezer - laws of marriage, divorce and related issues 4. Choshen Mishpat - laws of finance, financial responsibility, damages (personal and financial), and the rules of the Bet Din, as well as the laws of witnesses
Joseph ben Ephraim Karo (Yosef Caro, 1488 – March 24, 1575), was born in Toledo, Spain in 1488. In 1492, at age the age of four, he was forced to flee Spain with his family and the rest of Spanish Jewry as a result of the Alhambra Decree, and subsequently settled in Portugal. After the expulsion of the Jews from Portugal in 1497, the Ottomans invited the Jews to settle within the Ottoman Empire. Karo went with his parents to Nikopol, Bulgaria, then a city in the Ottoman Empire, and spent the rest of his life in the Ottoman Empire. In Nikopol, he received his first instruction from his father, who was himself an eminent Talmudist. He married, first, Isaac Saba's daughter, and, after her death, the daughter of Hayyim Albalag, both of these men being well-known Talmudists. After the death of his second wife he married the daughter of Zechariah Sechsel (or perhaps Sachsel), a learned and wealthy Talmudist.
Already as a young man, R. Karo gained a reputation as a brilliant Torah scholar. He began by writing an explanation on the Rambam's Mishneh Torah, which he entitled the Kesef Mishnah. Here he cited and explained Rambam's sources.
Between 1520 and 1522 Karo settled at Edirne. He later settled in the city of Safed, c.1535, having en route spent several years in Salonica (1533) and Istanbul.
The printer, Giovanni Gryphio, was one of three Venetian printer who entered the field after the disaster of the burning of the Talmud. He was likely related to the Gryphos family of Lyon, with whom he shared the printer's device of a griffin holding a stone it is claws from which a winged globe is suspended. Although he had excellent assistants, notably R. Samuel Boehm, Meshullam Kaufman, Solomon Luzatto and Samuel Archevolti, and published five books in 1567, a notable achievement in view of the magnitude of several of them and the care required in their edition, he was unable to compete in Venice's Hebrew book market, and ceased to print in 1567. Perhaps like Zanetti and Cavalli of Venice and Pasquato of Padua he realized in his attempt to compete with Di Gara and Bragadini that, as he expressed it in his various printer's mottos, "Wisdom without good luck accomplishes little."
The Shulchan Aruch was printed several times in Venice during the 16th C: in 1565, 1567, and 1574.