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Obj. ID: 21926
Modern Jewish Art
  Formula of Sorrow Holocaust Memorial in Pushkin, Russia, 1991

© Vladimir Levin, Photographer: Levin, Vladimir, 7.2016

Memorial name

Формула скорби (literally Formula of Sorrow)

Who is Commemorated?

The Jews of Pushkin

Description

The sculpture "Formula of Sorrow" is based on the model by the sculptor Vadim Sidur made in 1972. Of note, Vadim Sidur did conceive the piece as an incarnation of grief caused by wars without any allusions to the Holocaust specifically. The miniature piece depicting a bent figure was scaled up by the sculptor Alexander Pozin; previously he scaled up another sculpture by Sidur  ("Monument to those left without burial" installed in Moscow in 1989). The general design of the memorial was developed by the architect Boris Beider. 

The memorial complex comprises the “Formula of Sorrow” monument placed upon the triangle granite base as well as three bronze triangle slabs overlapping each other alluding to Magen David.  The top slab is inscribed in Hebrew and Russian. The figure and the slabs are embayed by another triangle.  

Inscriptions

The Hebrew and Russian inscriptions cite Psalm 79:

שפכו דמם כמים… ואין קובר

 …пролили кровь их как воду,
и некому было похоронить их

Translation: They have shed their blood like water …and there was none to bury them.

A further inscription in Russian reads:

Евреям г. Пушкина,
павшим жертвами
фашистского
геноцида
1941 г.

Translation: To the Jews of Pushkin, fallen victims of the Fascist genocide of 1941.

Commissioned by

Leningrad Holocaust Research Group operated under the auspices of the Leningrad Society of Jewish Culture

Summary and Remarks
Remarks

3 image(s)

sub-set tree:

Name/Title
Formula of Sorrow Holocaust Memorial in Pushkin | Unknown
Object Detail
Date
1991
Synagogue active dates
Reconstruction dates
Artist/ Maker
Sidur, Vadim (sculptor)
Beider, Boris (architect)
Pozin, Alexander (sculptor)
|test 2
{"197":"Soviet, 1924-1986","3361":"Soviet, b. 1942. See: https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0411\u0435\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0440,_\u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441_\u0425\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","3362":"Soviet, b. 1957. See: https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u041f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u043d,_\u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440_\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447"}
Historical Origin
Unknown
Community type
Unknown |
Congregation
Unknown
Location
Russia | St. Petersburg (Санкт-Петербург) | Pushkin (Пушкин)
| Corner of Dvortsovaia and Moskovskaia Streets
Site
Unknown
School/Style
Unknown|
Period
Unknown
Period Detail
Collection
Unknown |
Documentation / Research project
Unknown
Iconographical Subject
Languages of inscription
Shape / Form
Material / Technique
Bronze
Material Stucture
bronze, granite
Material Decoration
Material Bonding
Material Inscription
Material Additions
Material Cloth
Material Lining
Tesserae Arrangement
Density
Colors
Construction material
Measurements
Height
240 cm
Length
Width
Depth
Circumference
Thickness
Diameter
Weight
Axis
Panel Measurements
Condition
Extant
Documented by CJA
Surveyed by CJA
Present Usage
Present Usage Details
Condition of Building Fabric
Architectural Significance type
Historical significance: Event/Period
Historical significance: Collective Memory/Folklore
Historical significance: Person
Architectural Significance: Style
Architectural Significance: Artistic Decoration
Urban significance
Significance Rating
0
Ornamentation
Custom
Contents
Codicology
Scribes
Script
Number of Lines
Ruling
Pricking
Quires
Catchwords
Hebrew Numeration
Blank Leaves
Direction/Location
Façade (main)
Endivances
Location of Torah Ark
Location of Apse
Location of Niche
Location of Reader's Desk
Location of Platform
Temp: Architecture Axis
Arrangement of Seats
Location of Women's Section
Direction Prayer
Direction Toward Jerusalem
Coin
Coin Series
Coin Ruler
Coin Year
Denomination
Signature
Colophon
Scribal Notes
Watermark
Hallmark
Group
Group
Group
Group
Group
Trade Mark
Binding
Decoration Program
Suggested Reconsdivuction
History/Provenance

Pushkin (previously Tsarskoe Selo, literally Tsar's Village), a suburb of Leningrad (today St. Petersburg), was occupied by German troops on 17 September 1941. The local Jews were obliged to report themselves to the military police on October, 4th. The same day they were marched to the basement of the former royal residence Catherine's Palace and shot in the next several weeks. According to the estimates, 250-300 Jews were murdered in Pushkin.

In 1986, Jewish activists in Leningrad started to collect testimonies about the murder of Jews in Pushkin. In 1990, the members of the Leningrad Holocaust Research Group suggested putting signs at the murder and burial sites. The permission was obtained but on the pretext that murder and burial sites were located inside the palace park listed as a national monument, a place of memorialization was moved to a close-by square. 

The Group chose Vadim Sidur's sculpture "The Formula of Sorrow" (1972) as a model for the memorial. Arkady Zeltser in his books explains the choice of the model the following way:

"The members of the group considered the efforts of memorialization activists to have been a means of opposing the official Soviet policy of consigning the Holocaust to oblivion. In order to maintain the continuity of this activity, they sought to endow the monument with an "anti-Soviet" element. ...Vadim Sidur's sculpture "Formula of Sorrow" ... signaled "anti-Sovietness", insofar as it was a form executed within the framework of avant-garde art, and because Sidur... had been in direct opposition to the authorities during his life [Zeltser, 2018, 334-335].

The expenses for construction were covered by donations from private people and companies.

The dedication of the monument on 13 October 1991 was well attended; delegations from Israel, the USA, Germany, and Finland were present. Masha Rolnikaite, the author of a diary about life in the Vilna ghetto I Have to Tell, was among notable speakers. Since then, the Jews of Pushkin and St. Petersburg visit the “Formula of Sorrow” monument for an annual memorial ceremony on the first Sunday of October.

After the unveiling, the monument suffered several defilements by vandals, including defacements with Fascist swastikas. 

Main Surveys & Excavations
Sources

"Formula skorbi,"
Wikipedia, https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Формула_скорби.

Zeltser, Arkadi, Unwelcome Memory: Holocaust Monuments in the Soviet Union, trans. A.S. Brown (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2018), 334-335.
Type
Documenter
|
Author of description
Vladimir Levin, Anna Berezin | 2021
Architectural Drawings
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Computer Reconstruction
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Section Head
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Language Editor
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Donor
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Negative/Photo. No.
The following information on this monument will be completed: