Obj. ID: 56036
  Sacred and Ritual  Mizrah, Jerusalem, circa 1890

The following description was prepared by William Gross:

Mizrah (Hebrew: מזרח "east") is the Hebrew word for "east" and the direction that Jews in the Diaspora face during prayer. Jewish law prescribes that Jews at prayer face the site of the Temple in Jerusalem. In addition, "Mizrach" refers to an ornamental wall plaque used to indicate the direction of prayer in Jewish homes. In a synagogue, that direction would be obvious as it is the side of the building on which the ark was placed. But in a home or Sukkah the direction had to be indicated. It is customary in traditional Jewish homes and the Sukkah to mark the wall in the direction of Mizrach to facilitate proper prayer. For this purpose, people use artistic wall plaques inscribed with the word Mizrach and scriptural passages like "From the rising (mi-mizrah) of the sun unto the going down thereof, the Lord's name is to be praised" (Ps. 113:3), Kabbalistic inscriptions, or pictures of holy places. Such plaques were most often manuscript forms or printed sheets, ranging from the simplest idea of the word only to elaborately decorated pages with a wide range of images and texts. These plaques are generally placed in rooms in which people pray, such as the living room or bedrooms. The four letters of the Hebrew word MiZRaCH are sometimes indicated as the initial letters of the Hebrew phrase Metzad Zeh Ruach Chaim (From this side the source of life).

Printed Mizrachs were an important part of Jewish art around the end of the 19th century. For the first time, the increasing efficiency of the printing and paper industries made such printed sheets available at reasonable prices to a much wider public than previously. Such Mizrachs are a popular item from printers in the Holy Land: for use in that country, for sending as gifts abroad, and as souvenirs for tourists. This is one of several early Mizrach plaques by Salomon Brothers.

Yoel Moshe Salomon was one of the people who succeeded in breaking the printing monopoly held by Yisrael Bak since 1841. In 1863 he, with partners Yechiel Brill and Michel Hacohen, opened a printing shop, but it closed the following year. After printing some items in Alexandria, Egypt, Salomon returned to Jerusalem and published along with his father-in-law Avraham Rothenberg from 1866 to 1868. In that year he received his own permission to establish a printing house in Jerusalem which continued during his lifetime and afterward by his descendants until the last half of the 20th century under different names: Yoel Moshe Salomon (1868 – 1890), Salomon Brothers (1890 – ca1920),  and Defus Salomon (1920 -  ). In the Gross Family collection are more than 40 items from these presses.

Sponsoring Institution:   Central Committee in Jerusalem