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The Bezalel Narkiss Index of Jewish Art🔍 Historic Synagogues of Europe A Catalogue of Wall Paintings in Central and East European Synagogues A Catalogue of Illuminated Esther Scrolls Slovenian Jewish Heritage Gross Family Collection Ursula and Kurt Schubert Archives
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  (XI) Obj. ID: 12079 Esther Scroll with Landscapes I from an Unknown Collection (1),, Amsterdam, early 18th century. // Unknown edit  
Category: Hebrew Illuminated Manuscripts


2 Name/Title Esther Scroll with Landscapes I from an Unknown Collection (1) | Unknown
3a Object Esther scroll (megillat Esther)
with benedictions
3b Object Detail
4a Artist/ Maker Unknown (Unknown)
5 Date early 18th century
6 Period Unknown
6a Period Detail
7 Origin The Netherlands | Amsterdam
| (?)
8 Community Unknown |
9 Collection Unknown |
9b Documentation/
Research project		 Unknown |
10 Location Unknown |
11 Site Unknown
12 School/Style Scrolls with landscapes|

The family of Dutch Esther scrolls from the early 18th century designed by an anonymous engraver whose decorative scheme is characterized by four different landscapes framed in cartouches of different shapes that fill upper margins. The scrolls of this family begin with a panel composed of several figurative scenes from the Book of Esther narrative. The text columns are interspaced by the columns decorated with reliefs, elaborate acanthus leaves and garlands above which are either decorative capitals or putti holding the baskets with flowers on their heads. Lower margins are filled with the figurative scenes that chronicle the Purim story or allude to midrashim and other sources; they are interspersed by vases with plants. The same decoration repeats on all four sheets forming each manuscript. Some of their exemplars are painted by hand.

13 Iconographical Subject Illustration
Landscape
Columns
Acanthus Leaf
Garland
Putto (Putti in Plural)
Basket with flowers
Vase |
14 Category
17 Photographer Unknown
18 Photograph Date
19 Negative/ Photo. No. 24-18
19 Remarks
20 Description

The scroll represents the type called "scrolls with landscapes" because the decorative scheme of them features four different landscapes framed in cartouches that fill upper margins and repeat on every sheet in the same order:

1. On the left, two men with a dog standing at the gate are shown against a landscape of mountains and trees that are visible in the background.
2. On the right, two wanderers going towards a hill with buildings. On the left, a man on a horseback riding towards a bridge over a river. In the background, mountains, and trees are visible.
3. A garden with a fountain and a palace in the background.
4. On the right, a man sitting under a tree and, in the background, mountains, trees, and buildings are visible.

It is difficult to show a direct reference between the landscapes and the narrative of the Book of Esther, although such a connection cannot be excluded either (e.g. two men in the second landscape can be the king's messengers and a man sitting under the tree in the fourth landscape can be Mordecai).

The scrolls with landscapes are lavishly decorated megillot produced in a mixed technique in which decorative border is printed as a copper engraving (and in some exemplars, colored by hand), whereas the Hebrew text of the Book of Esther is penned by a scribe. The scrolls decorated with this pattern begin with a panel composed of several figurative scenes from the Book of Esther narrative. The text columns are interspaced by herms decorated with reliefs, elaborate acanthus leaves and garlands above which are either decorative capitals or putti holding baskets with flowers on their heads. Lower margins are filled with the figurative scenes that chronicle the Purim story, allude to midrashim or other sources; they are interspersed by vases with plants. This type of megillot is known in two variants marked "I" and "II" (see "Additional Remarks"). Similar narrative scenes are included in the scrolls with "portrait medallions" (see their descriptions in the Index); some of them are their mirror image.

The scroll is mounted on a wooden rod.

More Details...
 
21 Ornamentation
22 Custom
23 Contents
The Book of Esther in Hebrew and the benedictions recited before the Megillah reading
24 Codicology

17 text columns

24a Scribes
24b Script
24c Number of Lines
24d Ruling
24e Pricking
24f Quires
24g Catchwords
24h Hebrew Numeration
24i Blank Leaves

25 Material/Technique
Ink on parchment (hand written text, printed decorations)
25a Material Structure
25b Material Decoration
25c Material Bonding
25d Material Inscription
25e Material Additions
25f Material Cloth
25g Material Lining
25h Tesserae Arrangement
25i Density
25j Colors

26 Measurements
165x1680 mm
26a Height
26b Length
26c Width
26d Depth
26e Circumference
26f Thickness
26g Diameter
26h Weight
26i Axis
26j Panel Measurements
27 Direction/Location
27a Façade (main)
27b Entrances
27c Location of Torah Ark
27d Location of Apse
27e Location of Niche
27f Location of Reader's Desk
27g Location of Platform
27h Temp: Architecture Axis
27i< Arrangement of Seats
27j Location of Women's Section
27k Direction Prayer
27l Direction Toward Jerusalem

28 Coin
28a Coin Series
28b Coin Ruler
28c Coin Year
28d Denomination

29 Signature
30 Colophon
None
31 Scribal Notes
32 Watermark
33 Hallmark
33a Group
33b Subgroup
33c Hallmark Identification
33d Hallmark Group Classification
33e Hallmark Reference
34 Trade Mark
35 Binding
36 Decoration Program
36 Summary and Remarks

A central part of the opening decoration is removed and this place was supplemented with a small piece of parchment or paper with a different shade on which the benedictions recited before the reading of the Megillah are inscribed. 

There are two variants of the scrolls decorated with this pattern that in the Index are marked "I" and "II". In some exemplars, just below the decorative herms, the pedestals with angel's heads and bases were added, therefore, the text panels in these scrolls are higher; this type is marked with "II". Whereas, the rest of the manuscripts containing no pedestals with angel's heads and bases are marked with "I". The latter are more numerous. 

The blue seams visible on the edges of the first membrane of the scroll suggest that a piece of fabric was sewn underneath as it was customary in Dutch Jewish communities. 

A part of the border on the third membrane is printed in a light hue of ink and is less visible than the rest of the pattern.

The earliest scroll sharing similar engraved pattern is dated to 1701; this is the megillah BCM 25 from the Braginsky Collection in Zurich (see http://braginskycollection.com/esther-scrolls/; accessed on 22.04.2020).

For descriptions of other scrolls sharing similar pattern see ID nos: 23637, 23758, 23763, and 34764.
38 Suggested Reconstruction
39 History/Provenance
The current location of the scroll is unknown; previously it belonged to the Gross Family Collection (081.012.008).
40 Main Surveys & Excavations
41 Condition
42 Biography
43 Bibliography

Dagmara Budzioch, Dekorowane zwoje Estery z Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego w Warszawie na tle tradycji dekorowania megillot Ester w XVII i XVIII wieku. Zarys problematyki, Warszawa 2019, 1:163-176, 2: 41-49 (describes the scrolls decorated with the same pattern as the scroll under discussion).

43a Short Name
43b Full Name
43c Volume
43d Page

44 Type
45 Temp: Batch Number
|
46 Temp: Aleph Number
47 Temp: Sys. Number / Doc. Name
12079
48 Temp: Addenda
OVRPO=ntl%3Atrue%2Cntl_localname%3Atrue%2Csubject%3A%2Csubject_detail%3A%2Cobject%3Atrue%2Cobject_detail%3A%2Cmaker_profession%3Atrue%2Cmaker_name%3Atrue%2Cmaker_detail%3Atrue%2Cdate%3Atrue%2Cperiod%3Atrue%2Cperiod_detail%3Atrue%2Cphotographer%3A%2Cphoto_date%3A%2Cphotographer_copyright%3A%2Corigin%3Atrue%2Corigin_detail%3Atrue%2Cschool%3Atrue%2Cschool_detail%3Atrue%2Ccommunity%3Atrue%2Ccommunity_detail%3Atrue%2Ccollection%3Atrue%2Ccollection_detail%3Atrue%2Ccopyright%3A%2Csite%3Atrue%2Csite_detail%3Atrue%2Clocation%3Atrue%2Clocation_detail%3Atrue%2Cdescription%3A%2Chistorical_origin%3Atrue%2C&
Registrar
Function: Name: Date:
49 Documenter 49a
50 Researcher 50a
51 Architectural Drawings 51a
52 Computer Reconstruction 52a
53 Section Head 53a
54 Editor 54a
55 Donor 55a

Less Details

Object's images (4 image(s))

     

(XXII) ID: 256840 Esther Scroll with Landscapes I from an Unknown Collection (1), Opening decoration, Amsterdam, early 18th century edit
Category: Hebrew Illuminated Manuscripts
ID: 256840 Esther Scroll with Landscapes I from an Unknown Collection (1), Opening decoration, Amsterdam, early 18th century edit  
Category: Hebrew Illuminated Manuscripts

General Document

2 Name/Title Esther Scroll with Landscapes I from an Unknown Collection (1) | Unknown
3a Object Esther scroll (megillat Esther)
with benedictions
3b Object Detail Opening decoration
4a Artist/ Maker Unknown (Unknown)
5 Date early 18th century
6 Period Unknown
7 Origin The Netherlands | Amsterdam
| (?)
8 Community Unknown |
9 Collection Unknown |
10 Location Unknown |
11 Site Unknown
12 School/Style Scrolls with landscapes|
13 Iconographical Subject Ahasuerus and Esther, enthroned
Seven princes of Persia and Media (Es. 1:14)
Seven maidens given to Esther (Es. 2:9)
Bigthan and Teresh hanged (Es. 2:23)
Mordecai receiving clothes from Hatach (Es. 4:4)
Mordecai's triumph (Es. 6:11)
Mordecai and Esther writing the Purim letter (Es. 9:29) |
14 Category
17 Photographer Unknown
18 Photograph Date 1986
19 Negative/ Photo. No. 24-21
19a Scan No. S045781
20 Description

Opening decoration: The scroll opens with a panel containing several narrative scenes from the Esther story. In the decorative panel, in the central part of the upper register, there is the royal couple seated on the throne with a canopy that is placed on a pedestal. The king and the queen are accompanied by courtiers; on the right, the princes of Media and Persia are standing (Es. 1:14) and Esther's maidservants on the left (Es. 2:9). Below, there are three rectangular frames: the central panel contains the benedictions recited before the Megillah reading, while the panel on the right shows the chamberlains, Bigthan and Teresh, hanging on two gallows (Es. 2:23), whereas the one on the left depicts Haman and his sons hanging on three gallows (Es. 7:10 and Es. 9:14 or Es. 9:25). The lowest register contains three episodes that are (from right to left): Mordecai receiving the clothes from Hatakh (Es. 4:4), Haman leads Mordecai through the streets of Susa (Es. 6:11), Esther and Mordecai write letters instructing the Jews to observe Purim (Es. 9:29). 
21 Ornamentation
 
21 Ornamentation
22 Custom
23 Contents
Book of Esther
24 Codicology
24a Scribes
24b Script
24c Number of Lines
24d Ruling
24e Pricking
24f Quires
24g Catchwords
24h Hebrew Numeration
24i Blank Leaves

25 Material/Technique
25a Material Structure
25b Material Decoration
25c Material Bonding
25d Material Inscription
25e Material Additions
25f Material Cloth
25g Material Lining
25h Tesserae Arrangement
25i Density
25j Colors

26 Measurements
26a Height
26b Length
26c Width
26d Depth
26e Circumference
26f Thickness
26g Diameter
26h Weight
26i Axis
26j Panel Measurements
27 Direction/Location
27a Façade (main)
27b Entrances
27c Location of Torah Ark
27d Location of Apse
27e Location of Niche
27f Location of Reader's Desk
27g Location of Platform
27h Temp: Architecture Axis
27i< Arrangement of Seats
27j Location of Women's Section
27k Direction Prayer
27l Direction Toward Jerusalem

28 Coin
28a Coin Series
28b Coin Ruler
28c Coin Year
28d Denomination

29 Signature
30 Colophon
31 Scribal Notes
32 Watermark
33 Hallmark
33a Group
33b Subgroup
33c Hallmark Identification
33d Hallmark Group Classification
33e Hallmark Reference
34 Trade Mark
35 Binding
36 Decoration Program
36 Summary and Remarks
38 Suggested Reconstruction
39 History/Provenance
40 Main Surveys & Excavations
41 Condition
42 Biography
43 Bibliography
43a Short Name
43b Full Name
43c Volume
43d Page

44 Type
45 Temp: Batch Number
|
46 Temp: Aleph Number
47 Temp: Sys. Number / Doc. Name
256840
48 Temp: Addenda

Registrar
Function: Name: Date:
49 Documenter 49a
50 Researcher 50a
51 Architectural Drawings 51a
52 Computer Reconstruction 52a
53 Section Head 53a
54 Editor 54a
55 Donor 55a

(XXII) ID: 115999 Esther Scroll with Landscapes I from an Unknown Collection (1), opening decoration - upper part, Amsterdam, early 18th century edit
Category: Jewish printed books
ID: 115999 Esther Scroll with Landscapes I from an Unknown Collection (1), opening decoration - upper part, Amsterdam, early 18th century edit  
Category: Jewish printed books

General Document

2 Name/Title Esther Scroll with Landscapes I from an Unknown Collection (1) | Unknown
3a Object Esther scroll (megillat Esther)
with benedictions
3b Object Detail opening decoration - upper part
4a Artist/ Maker Unknown (Unknown)
5 Date early 18th century
6 Period Unknown
7 Origin The Netherlands | Amsterdam
| (?)
8 Community Unknown |
9 Collection Unknown |
10 Location Unknown |
11 Site Unknown
12 School/Style Scrolls with landscapes|
13 Iconographical Subject Ahasuerus and Esther, enthroned
Seven princes of Persia and Media (Es. 1:14)
Seven maidens given to Esther (Es. 2:9) |
14 Category
17 Photographer Unknown
18 Photograph Date
19 Negative/ Photo. No.
19a Scan No. S045778
20 Description

Opening decoration: The scroll opens with a panel containing several narrative scenes from the Esther story. In the decorative panel, in the central part of the upper register, there is the royal couple seated on the throne with a canopy that is placed on a pedestal. The king and the queen are accompanied by courtiers; on the right, the princes of Media and Persia are standing (Es. 1:14) and Esther's maidservants on the left (Es. 2:9). 
21 Ornamentation
 
21 Ornamentation
22 Custom
23 Contents
24 Codicology
24a Scribes
24b Script
24c Number of Lines
24d Ruling
24e Pricking
24f Quires
24g Catchwords
24h Hebrew Numeration
24i Blank Leaves

25 Material/Technique
25a Material Structure
25b Material Decoration
25c Material Bonding
25d Material Inscription
25e Material Additions
25f Material Cloth
25g Material Lining
25h Tesserae Arrangement
25i Density
25j Colors

26 Measurements
26a Height
26b Length
26c Width
26d Depth
26e Circumference
26f Thickness
26g Diameter
26h Weight
26i Axis
26j Panel Measurements
27 Direction/Location
27a Façade (main)
27b Entrances
27c Location of Torah Ark
27d Location of Apse
27e Location of Niche
27f Location of Reader's Desk
27g Location of Platform
27h Temp: Architecture Axis
27i< Arrangement of Seats
27j Location of Women's Section
27k Direction Prayer
27l Direction Toward Jerusalem

28 Coin
28a Coin Series
28b Coin Ruler
28c Coin Year
28d Denomination

29 Signature
30 Colophon
31 Scribal Notes
32 Watermark
33 Hallmark
33a Group
33b Subgroup
33c Hallmark Identification
33d Hallmark Group Classification
33e Hallmark Reference
34 Trade Mark
35 Binding
36 Decoration Program
36 Summary and Remarks
38 Suggested Reconstruction
39 History/Provenance
40 Main Surveys & Excavations
41 Condition
42 Biography
43 Bibliography
43a Short Name
43b Full Name
43c Volume
43d Page

44 Type
45 Temp: Batch Number
|
46 Temp: Aleph Number
47 Temp: Sys. Number / Doc. Name
115999
48 Temp: Addenda

Registrar
Function: Name: Date:
49 Documenter 49a
50 Researcher 50a
51 Architectural Drawings 51a
52 Computer Reconstruction 52a
53 Section Head 53a
54 Editor 54a
55 Donor 55a

(XXII) ID: 248285 Esther Scroll with Landscapes I from an Unknown Collection (1), cols. 6-7, Amsterdam, early 18th century edit
Category: Hebrew Illuminated Manuscripts
ID: 248285 Esther Scroll with Landscapes I from an Unknown Collection (1), cols. 6-7, Amsterdam, early 18th century edit  
Category: Hebrew Illuminated Manuscripts

General Document

2 Name/Title Esther Scroll with Landscapes I from an Unknown Collection (1) | Unknown
3a Object Esther scroll (megillat Esther)
with benedictions
3b Object Detail cols. 6-7
4a Artist/ Maker Unknown (Unknown)
5 Date early 18th century
6 Period Unknown
7 Origin The Netherlands | Amsterdam
| (?)
8 Community Unknown |
9 Collection Unknown |
10 Location Unknown |
11 Site Unknown
12 School/Style Scrolls with landscapes|
13 Iconographical Subject Illustration
Landscape
Columns
Acanthus Leaf
Garland
Putto (Putti in Plural)
Vase
Basket with flowers
Messenger(s) delivering the decree of Haman (Es. 3:13)
Mordecai in mourning (Es. 4:1)
Haman entreats Ahasuerus to issue a decree destroying the Jews (Es. 3:9)
Haman paying money to the king (Es. 3:9)
Vase with flowers |
14 Category
17 Photographer Unknown
18 Photograph Date 1985
19 Negative/ Photo. No.
19a Scan No. S403608
20 Description

In the upper margin, landscapes nos. 2 and 3 are printed and in the lower margin, there are frames nos. 6-7.

Frame 6: On the left, a mounted messenger is carrying the edict of Haman that he holds in his right hand (Es. 3:13) and in his other hand, he has a French horn. He is riding towards a man sitting under a tree, most likely Mordecai, who tears his clothes as a sign of mourning (Es. 4:1).

Frame 7: On the left, Haman stands in front of Ahasuerus attended by a group of men (his advisers?, servants?). The vizier holds weight with scales on which the vizier is going to weigh silver for the king (Es. 3:9). In the background, the king's palace is visible.
21 Ornamentation
 
21 Ornamentation
22 Custom
23 Contents
24 Codicology
24a Scribes
24b Script
24c Number of Lines
24d Ruling
24e Pricking
24f Quires
24g Catchwords
24h Hebrew Numeration
24i Blank Leaves

25 Material/Technique
25a Material Structure
25b Material Decoration
25c Material Bonding
25d Material Inscription
25e Material Additions
25f Material Cloth
25g Material Lining
25h Tesserae Arrangement
25i Density
25j Colors

26 Measurements
26a Height
26b Length
26c Width
26d Depth
26e Circumference
26f Thickness
26g Diameter
26h Weight
26i Axis
26j Panel Measurements
27 Direction/Location
27a Façade (main)
27b Entrances
27c Location of Torah Ark
27d Location of Apse
27e Location of Niche
27f Location of Reader's Desk
27g Location of Platform
27h Temp: Architecture Axis
27i< Arrangement of Seats
27j Location of Women's Section
27k Direction Prayer
27l Direction Toward Jerusalem

28 Coin
28a Coin Series
28b Coin Ruler
28c Coin Year
28d Denomination

29 Signature
30 Colophon
31 Scribal Notes
32 Watermark
33 Hallmark
33a Group
33b Subgroup
33c Hallmark Identification
33d Hallmark Group Classification
33e Hallmark Reference
34 Trade Mark
35 Binding
36 Decoration Program
36 Summary and Remarks
38 Suggested Reconstruction
39 History/Provenance
40 Main Surveys & Excavations
41 Condition
42 Biography
43 Bibliography
43a Short Name
43b Full Name
43c Volume
43d Page

44 Type
45 Temp: Batch Number
|
46 Temp: Aleph Number
47 Temp: Sys. Number / Doc. Name
248285
48 Temp: Addenda

Registrar
Function: Name: Date:
49 Documenter 49a
50 Researcher 50a
51 Architectural Drawings 51a
52 Computer Reconstruction 52a
53 Section Head 53a
54 Editor 54a
55 Donor 55a

(XXII) ID: 248286 Esther Scroll with Landscapes I from an Unknown Collection (1), sheet 2 (cols. 5-8), Amsterdam, early 18th century edit
Category: Hebrew Illuminated Manuscripts
ID: 248286 Esther Scroll with Landscapes I from an Unknown Collection (1), sheet 2 (cols. 5-8), Amsterdam, early 18th century edit  
Category: Hebrew Illuminated Manuscripts

General Document

2 Name/Title Esther Scroll with Landscapes I from an Unknown Collection (1) | Unknown
3a Object Esther scroll (megillat Esther)
with benedictions
3b Object Detail sheet 2 (cols. 5-8)
4a Artist/ Maker Unknown (Unknown)
5 Date early 18th century
6 Period Unknown
7 Origin The Netherlands | Amsterdam
| (?)
8 Community Unknown |
9 Collection Unknown |
10 Location Unknown |
11 Site Unknown
12 School/Style Scrolls with landscapes|
13 Iconographical Subject Illustration
Landscape
Columns
Acanthus Leaf
Garland
Putto (Putti in Plural)
Vase
Vase with flowers
Haman casting the lot/Pur - Haman aiming at the Zodiac wheel (based on Midrash)
Messenger(s) delivering the decree of Haman (Es. 3:13)
Mordecai in mourning (Es. 4:1)
Haman entreats Ahasuerus to issue a decree destroying the Jews (Es. 3:9)
Haman paying money to the king (Es. 3:9)
Esther's first banquet (Es. 5:5-8) |
14 Category
17 Photographer Unknown
18 Photograph Date 1985
19 Negative/ Photo. No.
19a Scan No. S403610
20 Description

In the upper margin, landscapes nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 are printed and in the lower margin, there are frames nos. 5-8:

Frame 5: On the right, a man with a bow in his hands is depicted; he is aiming at the wheel with the signs of Zodiac on its perimeter (on the left). The scene is shown against the landscape. The depiction symbolically shows the moment of casting lots by Haman (alludes to Es. 3:7). The Book of Esther mentions only casting lots that means appointing the least favorable period for Jews, but there is no reference to the signs of Zodiac in the text.

Frame 6: On the left, a mounted messenger is carrying the edict of Haman that he holds in his right hand (Es. 3:13) and in his other hand, he has a French horn. He is riding towards a man sitting under a tree, most likely Mordecai, who tears his clothes as a sign of mourning (Es. 4:1).

Frame 7: On the left, Haman stands in front of Ahasuerus attended by a group of men (his advisers?, servants?). The vizier holds weight with scales on which the vizier is going to weigh silver for the king (Es. 3:9). In the background, the king's palace is visible.

Frame 8: Five men sit at a table at the moment when Queen Esther is entering the chamber. Most likely, the scene depicts the first banquet given by Esther (Es. 5:5-8) but it is unclear why the queen does not sit at the table and who are the other participants of the feast (the Book of Esther mentions only the king and Haman). 
21 Ornamentation
 
21 Ornamentation
22 Custom
23 Contents
24 Codicology
24a Scribes
24b Script
24c Number of Lines
24d Ruling
24e Pricking
24f Quires
24g Catchwords
24h Hebrew Numeration
24i Blank Leaves

25 Material/Technique
25a Material Structure
25b Material Decoration
25c Material Bonding
25d Material Inscription
25e Material Additions
25f Material Cloth
25g Material Lining
25h Tesserae Arrangement
25i Density
25j Colors

26 Measurements
26a Height
26b Length
26c Width
26d Depth
26e Circumference
26f Thickness
26g Diameter
26h Weight
26i Axis
26j Panel Measurements
27 Direction/Location
27a Façade (main)
27b Entrances
27c Location of Torah Ark
27d Location of Apse
27e Location of Niche
27f Location of Reader's Desk
27g Location of Platform
27h Temp: Architecture Axis
27i< Arrangement of Seats
27j Location of Women's Section
27k Direction Prayer
27l Direction Toward Jerusalem

28 Coin
28a Coin Series
28b Coin Ruler
28c Coin Year
28d Denomination

29 Signature
30 Colophon
31 Scribal Notes
32 Watermark
33 Hallmark
33a Group
33b Subgroup
33c Hallmark Identification
33d Hallmark Group Classification
33e Hallmark Reference
34 Trade Mark
35 Binding
36 Decoration Program
36 Summary and Remarks
38 Suggested Reconstruction
39 History/Provenance
40 Main Surveys & Excavations
41 Condition
42 Biography
43 Bibliography
43a Short Name
43b Full Name
43c Volume
43d Page

44 Type
45 Temp: Batch Number
|
46 Temp: Aleph Number
47 Temp: Sys. Number / Doc. Name
248286
48 Temp: Addenda

Registrar
Function: Name: Date:
49 Documenter 49a
50 Researcher 50a
51 Architectural Drawings 51a
52 Computer Reconstruction 52a
53 Section Head 53a
54 Editor 54a
55 Donor 55a